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(1 of 9) SITE HISTORY - Rocky Mountain Arsenal was listed on the NPL in 1987. Share Them by March 3. Fish and Wildlife Service inventoried more than 330 species of wildlife that inhabit the Arsenal including deer, coyotes, white pelicans and owls. [18] While it is difficult to capture the societal cost to clean up the site, the list of actions dealing with groundwater contamination listed by Mears and Heise include: Direct economic totals add up to approximately $111 million and this estimation does not include operation and maintenance costs. Lake Skipper (s): The injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or useable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. Researchers have not examined the health risks to wildlife at the cleaned-up refuges as extensively as the potential danger to humans, but few problems have been reported. Cancer incidence in the communities near the arsenal was also monitored and found to be varied across location, gender, race and time, and have been determined to not be related to past Arsenal exposure or cleanup activities. In the early 1960s, the U.S. Army began to lease out its facilities to private companies to manufacture pesticides. The Colorado Sun is a journalist-owned, award-winning news outlet based in Denver that strives to cover all of Colorado so that our state our community can better understand itself. Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, a former nuclear weapons plant northwest of Denver, opened to hikers and cyclists last September, but some activists question whether its safe. The refuge was created on the buffer zone surrounding the production area. 1942The U.S. Army establishes the Rocky Mountain Arsenal to produce chemical weapons as a war-time deterrent. Farmers in the vicinity complained about the damage to crops due to the water pumped from the shallow alluvial aquifer. Another strong shock rumbled through the Denver area on November 14, 1966, causing some damage at Commerce City and Eastlake. Throughout the decades of cleanup, the air monitors revealed there was no safety hazard to public health as no arsenal chemicals had been released into the air. Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. At that time, liquid waste disposal methods were employed in an attempt to prevent the chemical contamination from spreading further including lining one of the basins with asphalt, and injection of the waste chemicals into a deep well, but these techniques were ultimately unsuccessful. Three shocks in 1965 -- February 16, September 29, and November 20 -- caused intensity VI damage in Commerce City and environs. [3] After the bald eagles were captured, tested, and found to be healthy, the National Wildlife Federation worked with policymakers to transition RMA to a wildlife refuge. In 2006, 7,126 additional acres were transferred. Restrictions on well water use, residential development, consumption of fish and game from the arsenal, and agricultural use of the arsenal will exist in perpetuity until further scientific research is completed at the site. This new publication offers highlights from the past year, along with news about upcoming projects scheduled for 2022. [citation needed]. The program consisted of four tests between September 3 and October 26. Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for managing the Arsenals wildlife and habitat. Current Basin F liquid consists of very salty water that includes some metals, chlorides, wastewater and toxic organics. Fish and Wildlife Service to create and later expand the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. Just watch where you step. (8 of 9), "The Refuge and adjacent property represent a public-private partnership done right," said Mayor Sean Ford. As cleanup actions were successfully completed, the U.S. Army transferred land to the U.S. text only version of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Site Spotlight, Emerging Contaminants and Contaminants of Concern, Federal Agency Hazardous Waste Compliance Docket, Military Munitions and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO). A lateral was built off the High Line Canal to supply water to the Arsenal. Further testing revealed that the containment issue is an ongoing problem, the lawsuit says. EPA and the State concurred with the approach. Due to the early completion of this program, the Army realized a savings of 300,000 dollars. On May 21, 2011, the official visitor center for the refuge was opened with an exhibit about the site's history, ranging from the homesteading era to its current status. The U.S. Army constructed the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons as a deterrent against the Axis Powers. Starting in 1942, the U.S. Army used the 27-mile site for the manufacture, assembly, and disposal . Vote in our annual food bracket challenge. Some waste disposal pits presented short-term hazards sufficient to preclude their excavation. Minor damage, in the form of broken windows and dishes and cracked walls and plaster, occurred at Aguilar, Segundo, Trinchera, and Trinidad. If agency officials believed the sites were unsafe for the public, he said, they would not work there. Rocket fuel was blended on-site for the Titan and Delta missile operations. The Army told the Nuclear Regulatory Commission it could cost $3.2 billion to clean the area for unrestricted use. 2003The EPA removes 917 acres of RMA land from the National Priorities List. 1941Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the United States enters World War II. Converting a heavily polluted weapons complex into a wildlife refuge is cheaper than making it safe for homes, schools and businesses, said Adam Rome, who teaches environmental history at the State University of New York at Buffalo. The well was cased and sealed to a depth of 11,975 feet, with the remaining 70 feet left as an open hole for the injection of Basin F liquids. All surface work related to the environmental cleanup ended in 2010, one year ahead of schedule and within budget. In the early 1960s, the U.S. Army began to lease out its facilities to private companies to manufacture pesticides. Montbello is located to the south of the RMA, and Commerce City to the west. In September 2017, the state of Colorado filed a lawsuit to sue the United States government for the right to control the contaminated areas of the RMA. An official website of the United States government. [13], As part of the clean up of the RMA, much of the soil, up to 10 feet below the surface was removed from the site. But the cost of the conversions is staggering, and some critics say the sites have not been scrubbed well enough of pollutants to make them safe for humans. Is there a risk of cancer related to Rocky Flats contamination? By year end, the United States has out-produced the Axis . Colorado health officials contendthat Shells trenches and slurry walls have not prevented pesticides and other dangerous chemicals from leaching into the groundwater. And the biggest bills have yet to be paid. The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL), a list of the most contaminated areas in the United States. The contaminated soils cleanup phase of the process was completed in 2010. The waste fluid chemistry is not known precisely. The second largest earthquake in the Denver series occurred on November 26, 1967. In addition, there were actions completed by Future Farmers of America (FFA) between 1991 and 1993 that cost approximately $151.2 million. Because of the Superfund site status and the dramatic cleanups, many residents in neighborhoods surrounding the RMA voiced concern about ongoing health risks of living within the close vicinity of the site. Damage on a lesser scale occurred throughout the area. 1995-1996Following extensive community input, the Off-Post and On-Post Records of Decision (ROD) are signed. The military, the U.S. Department of Energy and private companies have spent more than $57 billion to clean up the six heavily polluted sites, according to figures gathered by The Associated Press from military and civil agencies. Its latest plan calls for waiting 20 years in hopes that better, less expensive technology emerges or the unexploded shells degrade to a safe level. At Commerce City merchandise fell in several supermarkets and walls cracked in larger buildings. RMA is also one of the few sites that had a stockpile of Sarin gas (aka nerve agent GB), an organophosphorus compound. CDPHE is asking the federal court to compel the Army to install or modify the existing treatment system to effectively prevent pollutants from contaminating groundwater, the lawsuit says. A local shock awakened a few persons in Commerce City November 25. A medical monitoring program to monitor the success of exposure prevention efforts during the environmental cleanup. MORE: Federal prosecutors say they cant find files on investigation into Rocky Flats nuclear arms plant. independent local journalism in Denver. These restrictions must remain in place unless future sampling and scientific investigation determine they can be safely removed. Many residents reported it was the strongest earthquake they had ever experienced. Both the landfills and the covers are built to prevent intrusion by humans or animals, and also to prevent further contamination to the groundwater. 1986Workers discover a communal roost of bald eagles at the RMA. Today, only the foundation of a watch post from Rose Hill is visible, and then only when pointed. State and federal officials say its safe, but skeptical activists filed a lawsuit saying the federal government didnt test the refuge carefully enough. The Energy Department estimates it will cost between $323 billion and $677 billion more to finish the costliest cleanup, at the Hanford Site in Washington state where the government produced plutonium for bombs and missiles. 1984The U.S. Army conducts the RMA Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study, which includes the systematic investigation of contamination and the development and evaluation of cleanupalternatives. During removal of contaminated soil and construction of the remedy containment structures, air monitoring was conducted at multiple sites in the Arsenals interior and fence line, and several sites in the surrounding communities. August 24, 2011 From a tiny Pacific island to a leafy Indiana forest, a handful of sites where the United States manufactured and tested some of the most lethal weapons known to humankind are now peaceful havens for wildlife. For testing purposes, the well was injected with approximately 568,000 US gallons (2150 m) of city water prior to injecting any waste. The U.S. Army and Shell conducted the $2.1 billion environmental cleanup of the site in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment and Tri-County Health Department. 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The site was operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992. Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge (credit: CBS) Nick Kaczor and his team were also out -- trying to find the black footed ferrets. 1943From 1943 to 1946, the Rose Hill Prisoners of War Camp houses captured German soldiers at the RMA. The Army and Shell took remedial actions to prevent the contamination that includes the installation of the groundwater barrier system which treated approximately 1 billion gallons of water every year. 2015Black-footed ferrets are reintroduced at the Refuge as part of a nationwide recovery program for the endangered species. In addition, contamination affects public health and nature (honeybee poisonings, pesticide resistance in pests, destruction of natural predators, wild birds, microbes) negatively. Three criteria were es (2 of 9), CLEANUP - The remedy selected for the Rocky Mountain Arsenal included the removal of contaminated soil down to 10 over much of the contaminated area, which is contained in two hazardous waste landfills that remain on the site. In the early 1980s the site was selected as a Superfund site and the cleanup process began. 1947The U.S. Army places the RMA on standby status and leases some facilities to private industry. However, when the Basin F liquids were actually introduced, the process required more time than anticipated to complete because of the impermeability of the rock. After a $2.1 billion cleanup, the site was reborn as Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, with 24 square miles (61 square kilometers) of idyllic prairie where visitors can take scenic drives or hikes. Exchanging animals among smaller herds. Now a majority are voluntarily adopting them. That rankles Tim Maloney, a senior policy director for the Hoosier Environmental Council. Known today as an urban national wildlife refuge, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal traces its beginnings to the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the United States into World War II.. Rocket fuel to support Air Force operations was also manufactured and stored at RMA. Who makes the best hot chicken sandwich in Denver? While the framework for the comprehensive environmental cleanup was being developed, work crews discovered a pair of roosting bald eagles at the site, which prompted the U.S. The injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or usable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet (3630 m) of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. Today, the Refuge encompasses more than 15,000 acres of restored shortgrass prairie and provides habitat to more 300 species of wildlife, including American bison, bald eagles, mule and white-tailed deer, burrowing owls and black-footed ferrets. In 1996, after a lengthy process in which site investigations were conducted and completed, an approach to remedy the chemical contamination at the Arsenal was set forth by the US Army. The Army was dumping dangerous chemicals into a deep injection well out at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Longstanding agricultural and health concerns related to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal have resulted in a complex history of political and legal battles. The waste from the pre-treatment plant was generally a solution containing 13,000 parts per million sodium chloride (salt), with a pH ranging from 3.5 to 11.5. Several reported basement floors separated from walls. In the mid-1980s, wildlife, including endangered species, moved into the space and the land became a protected park. Only one, on July 15, caused minor damage at Commerce City. A monitoring program was developed to monitor the success of exposure prevention efforts during the environmental cleanup at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. The Army discontinued use of the well in February 1966 because the fluid injection triggered a series of earthquakes in the area. If you have additional questions, please call 303.289.0300. At the borders of the RMA and at some places in the sites interior, contaminated groundwater is pumped from the below the surface and cleaned before reinjection. Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, Colorado health department lawsuit says Contaminants include organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and solvents. In 2009, the state of Colorado, Shell Oil Co., and the United States Army settled a lawsuit pertaining to damages to the states natural resources from past activities at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal that caused extensive contamination of soil and water at the site. (credit: Rocky Mountain Arsenal/Twitter) That section borders 56th Avenue at the Gateway and Montbello neighborhoods. Included in the RMANWR Act, areas within RMA that were still contaminated were still owned by the U.S. Army, however, the vast majority of the land that was deemed clean would be managed by the Federal Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. One of the lessees, Julius Hyman and Company, manufactures agricultural chemicals at the site. This is unprecedented: Avian flu has killed 12,000 birds in Colorado, Smart sensors on I-25 promise really significant traffic improvements, pilot study shows, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, Denver just got a direct flight to this Caribbean island known for music history and vegetarian cooking, Denver gang member gave 14-year-old permission to open fire on woman with AR-15 after fender-bender, DA alleges, Multiple Colorado schools temporarily placed under secure status due to threats, Denver East High student dies more than two weeks after being shot outside school, Letters: Proposed age limit for gun ownership in Colorado doesn't make sense. Rocky Mountain Arsenal on FishExplorer has 222 historic conditions reports, 90 historic water temperature updates, 120 historic status updates, 138 historic water level updates, available to subscribers. Shell Oil Co. leased the property and manufactured agricultural pesticides in the South Plants complex from 1952 through 1982. State health officials are asking the federal courts to intervene to stop the contamination on the north and northwest boundaries of the trenches. The following data were derived from the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. From Arsenal of Democracy to urban wildlife refuge, the RMA has been critical to achieving U.S. defense, space exploration, environmental remediation and conservation goals. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge is 15,000 acres and features three lakes that are home to over 300 species of wildlife. All manufacturing activities ended in 1982. [20] In the case of Rocky Mountain Arsenal, total indirect cost was not estimated at all. 1969Powered by rocket fuel propellant manufactured at the RMA, Apollo 11 lands on the moon. The military reserved the right to oust these companies and restart chemical weapon production in the event of a national emergency. The manufacturing of these weapons continued until 1969. The arsenal's animals are intended to refresh bloodlines of the national park's herd, Rocky Mountain Arsenal Refuge Manager David Lucas told CBS4. Critics say Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado illustrates the shortcomings of a cleanup designed to be good enough for a refuge but not for human habitation. An astonishing array of animals and habitats flourished onsix obsolete weapons complexes mostly for nuclear or chemical arms because the sites banned the public and other intrusions for decades. A more recent article in 2004 by Pimentel,[19] estimated the cost of removal pesticides from the groundwater and soil at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal by approximately $2 billion. The cleanup was completed in 2010 and five large parcels of land have been deleted from the NPL . The Colorado School of Mines rated this shock magnitude 5.0. In 1984, the Army began a systematic investigation of site contamination in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), commonly referred to as Superfund. Fish and Wildlife Service at 303.289.0930, or visit the Refuge online. During the development of the remedy for the Arsenals contamination, there was a lot of public concern that the cleanup itself might pose a risk to the surrounding residents. In this study, baseline birth defects were estimated from the time period 19891997, which was the point at which the clean-up began, and inclusion criteria included mother's address at the time of birth being within the geographical study area. Rocky Flats historical public exposure studies, Final Consent Decree between the United States and the State of Colorado, Final Consent Decree between Shell Oil Company and the State of Colorado, Colorado Attorney General's Colorado Natural Resources Trustees website, Colorado environmental health site assessment. In its own account of the cleanup at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, the Army web site offers this explanation: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal deep injection well was constructed in 1961, and was drilled to a depth of 12,045 feet. The U.S government acquired the Arsenal land in 1942 to manufacture chemical warfare agents, including mustard gas and incendiary munitions, for use in World War II. Then a year and half after the Rocky Mountain Arsenal waste dumping practice stopped, the strongest and most widely felt shock in Denver's history struck that area on August 9, 1967, at 6:25 in the morning. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment established monitoring systems throughout various locations of the RMA. OVERVIEW - Just 10 miles northeast of Denver, Colorado lies one of the largest urban wildlife refuges in the country, an area that only 30 years ago was listed on the Superfund National Priorities List due to being contaminated by over 600 chemicals. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Legislators quickly moved from beneath chandeliers in the Denver Capitol Building, fearing they might fall. After the war, it became a bustling center of industrial activity -- a top-secret center that created a lot of dangerous waste. In addition to the containment structures, the agreed-upon remedy directs that the entire area is subject to restrictions on land use in perpetuity, including residential development, agricultural use, any potable use of the groundwater, and any consumption of fish or game from the Arsenal. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has been transformed from a 17,000+ acre facility used for weapons and chemical manufacturing into a beautiful nature sanctuary. A volume of approximately 52,500 acre-feet (65 million cubic metres) of the alluvial aquifer is not usable for human consumption. Structures that contain the contaminated soil at RMA are also actively monitored, along with surface water and biological resources. Birth defects included in the analysis were: "total congenital anomalies, major congenital anomalies, heart defects, muscle and skeletal defects, and kidney and bladder defects," and these categories were inconsistent in reporting accuracy. Theoretically, if the Earth still exists in the year 3000, theyll still be monitoring groundwater at the arsenal, he said. Kirk Mitchell is a general assignment reporter at The Denver Post who focuses on criminal justice stories. 2010All surface environmental cleanup work concludes. This legacy, they say, requires restrictions on where visitors can go and obligates the government to monitor the sites for perhaps centuries. Baseline rates of congenital anomalies in the study area compared to Colorado as a whole did not show significant differences between populations. After 42 years of chemical manufacturing, in 1984, the United States Army began to inspect the level of contamination at Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA). Photos source: US Fish and Wildlife Service
The animals were transferred from the National Bison Range in Montana. During the cleanup of the RMA, concern for air pollution from the hazardous materials was raised. Air monitoring surveillance continued until the end of July 2009. The land is sold to Commerce City for commercial and retail development. Tensions arose between the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the State of Colorado, United States Army, and the chemical industries as they partnered to clean up the site and create the RMANWR. The contaminated groundwater that still exists in and around RMA continues to be actively monitored. The Army needs to find a way to clean up the depleted uranium safely.. All of these constituents constitute threats to human health and the environment, the lawsuit says. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act was passed in October 1992 and signed by President George H. W. Bush. 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