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Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. A world survey. Antonitto A. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. For example, the qallicha All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. In Step 1, age was entered. Part of Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. (DOCX 17 kb). Oman Med J. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Choosing among five traditions. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. 93 0 obj
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2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. A. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. 4. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Prev Chronic Dis. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Medical and cultural considerations. Foster M, Anderson B. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Google Scholar. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Google Scholar. We will also share examples on. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Principal Scientist & Act. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. Park, K. (n.d.). In the mid-19th . Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. statement and For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. American journal of public health. 1990;28:6372. Correspondence to However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Ethiop J Health Dev. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. PubMed This . For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. 12. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Murdock G. Theory of illness. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. 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