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Steven D Levitt. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. (This is part of the, competition amongst religious organizations. employees in more than 50 countries. HOFSTEDE: And when he took the job in Lausanne, he found that the international group of pupils at his classes, if he asked them the same questions, came up with the same dimensions. Freaknomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the book for readers who run screaming at the thought of cracking open a book with the word "economics" in the title. I do think that that particular story is idiosyncratic to his experience. HOFSTEDE: And it immediately yielded a four-dimensional model. I do think that today they are living through difficult times, but so are we. So, what is it? We may not be the very loosest culture; but we are No. President Bush had framed these negotiations as going an extra mile for peace.. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. She likes to eat human food. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. For example, we asked bank managers some years ago to look through scenarios of people violating organizational rules, like coming to work late, staying on the phone too long, maybe checking their email. 1424 Words. Freakonomics is a collaboration of authors Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, journalists and winners of numerous awards. OLIVER: When was that moment when America became the most American America it could possibly be? DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. HENRICH: We dont like people telling us what to do. Still, Gelfands horizons were suddenly expanded; and her curiosity was triggered. And I was like, This is every day in America! Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. DUBNER: Can you give me a good example of an idea or a theory that I might come across in a Psych 101 textbook that would just be so American that it wouldnt really be useful if you actually care about humans? And the whole point about negotiation is you figure out what is your highest priority in the situation, what domain is so important for you in terms of your tightness or your looseness, and then negotiate accordingly. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. In our previous episode, we made what may sound like a bold claim. But remember what Hofstede told us: HOFSTEDE: Youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. Australia and Brazil are also loose. And this dynamic leads to a lot of fighting for the sake of fighting. Youre culturally confident. Because for all the so-called globalization of the past half-century or so, the U.S. still differs from other countries in many ways. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. It was freedom from hunger. Latin countries tend to be more collectivistic, especially Spain and Portugal not so much Italy and France. Ambiguity is good. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). And I think thats always going to be an ongoing tension this idea of America thats rooted in individualism, thats rooted in transactional practices. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. And then theres the big C, the stuff that we have these big conversations about, that we do these incredible studies about, which is really about the worldview of groups of people coming together, in a community, in a nation, in a family, right? GELFAND: Groups that are of lower status tend to live in tighter worlds. HOFSTEDE: You have a democracy. The downsides: less innovation, less openness to ideas that challenge the status quo, and less tolerance for differences in religion and race. It could give you new occasions to gain status in an unexpected way. We put in a bunch of other checks and controls. HOFSTEDE: Oh, no, thats something for academia. And then he decided to go to academia. And things worked out well for them for a bit. Freakonomics Summary. Segments: - A Roshanda By Any Other Name : Morgan Spurlock's investigation of the possible implications of names, especially "black" vs. "white" names, in personal . 469). The second one measures what's called "power distance." (Don't worry, we'll explain the name . Thats John Oliver. The individual agents/brokers only take a $150 hit after their costs/fees. individualism, political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. They can freely float about. In the beginning, Feldman left behind an open basket for the cash, but too often the money vanished. So, culture is about values, beliefs, absorbed ideas and behaviors. People get less interested. And life is an adventure. We promise no spam. Paperback - April 22, 2020. This is part of the history that made the U.S. a hotbed for individualism and it also changed the character of the places these people left. Gelfand says the countries that were most aggressive in trying to contain Covid tended to be tighter countries. We do this on vacations with my siblings. Now this is pretty rare to have such different groups of respondents and still find the same thing. In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. GELFAND: And it was fascinating because when people were wearing their normal face, there was no difference. Thats Mark Anthony Neal of Duke University. Some researchers looked at these results and came up with a new label for humans in this context: Homo reciprocans. We are acronymically WEIRD. Henrichs next example is more behavioral than physiological. It is a small price to pay to punish the first player for being so stingy. to let him focus even more on this data. We met him earlier, but just briefly; heres a proper introduction. Those are the upsides. The second one measures whats called power distance. (Dont worry, well explain the name later.) GELFAND: Places in the South have tended to have more natural disasters. HOFSTEDE: It means that you only need rules when youre going to use them. Can that possibly be trueour culture shapes our genetics? Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, U.S. Student Tells of Pain Of His Caning In Singapore, Singapores Relations With U.S. Once you begin looking for evidence, you see an almost infinite array of examples. When Hofstede the Elder went to work for I.B.M., he got involved with these surveys. And thats different than in Scandinavia and in New Zealand and Australia, which has much more horizontal individualism. HOFSTEDE: That could be the case, and it is also the case that you have a sort of non-overt multiculturalism in the society. Mark Anthony Neal of Duke is not surprised that the U.S. scores relatively high on the masculinity scale. So that can be very beneficial. Truth be told, I veer somewhat loose. GELFAND: In the U.S., various newspapers covered the story. Individualistic countries tend to be richer, but as Hofstede the Elder once put it, The order of logic is not that individualism comes first. If it were, Afghanistan and Venezuela, even Iran might be U.S.-style democracies by now. And its not because they themselves dont have collective experiences, particularly within ethnicity, but part of the price of becoming American is to give up the collectivity of your ethnic background. NEAL: So its always evolving, its always developing, but theres some core principles. Educated. Scholars in this realm have a general agreement on what culture is and what its not. I hate to call out Michele Gelfand, but even in the loosest of cultures, dogs dont have unfettered access to food. And heres one of the people who created the WEIRD designation. Lets flip it for a moment. If you just look at Americans, its 70 percent American. They are descended from people who came here of their own free will and in order to execute their own free will. But if you look 100 years ago and you look at the cultural map of the world, you can read writers from different countries, you will see that there is astonishing continuity. There, its really important to maintain that humility, to be focused on your privacy, but not trying to one-up other people. The Coronavirus Shutdown Is Revealing Americas Troubling Obsession With Work, Those Who Stayed: Individualism, Self-Selection and Cultural Change During the Age of Mass Migration, A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born, 10 Minutes with Geert Hofstede on Indulgence versus Restraint, 10 Minutes withGeert Hofstede on Masculinity versus Femininity, 10 Minutes with Geert Hofstede on Individualisme versus Collectivisme, Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context, A Re-Inquiry of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions: A Call for 21st Century Cross-Cultural Research, The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy, Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values: A Multimethod Examination of Denmark and the United States, Hofstedes Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith A Failure of Analysis. Theres some D.N.A. Relatedly: Americans place a high value on being consistent across different situations. GELFAND: This has always been the big question, the myth that with the internet and globalization were going to become more similar. Freakonomics Revised and Expanded Edition. Joe Henrichs research into national psychologies led him to an even more fascinating conclusion. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. Freakonomics, M.D. Freakonomics Science 4.7 932 Ratings; Each week, physician and economist Dr. Bapu Jena will dig into a fascinating study at the intersection of economics and healthcare. But its also a tremendous outlier. In an individualistic society, depending on how the mood is, you can get very different developments. Im like, Were going to go to Singapore if you people dont behave.. GELFAND: I really had a lot of culture shock. HOFSTEDE: This is not about a homogenous soup, but its about the power of the millions versus the individual and the power of ostracism. And you need revolutions in order to change the government. Heres what Hofstede told us last week about culture: HOFSTEDE: If youre part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. This is a pretty interesting result: one stranger giving away roughly half their money to another stranger when, theoretically, 10 or 20 percent would keep the second player from rejecting the offer. Freakonomics the film, like the book, is entertaining and sometimes thought-provoking. DUBNER: So between not having been historically a terrible recipient of viruses and also by dint of having an ocean on either side of us, etc., and being a really big and really rich country, it sounds like the U.S. must have one of the lowest inherent threat levels. Self-centered so if you give them tasks and have them list traits about themselves, theyll tend to list their attributes and characteristics rather than their relationships. His late father was a social psychologist who devised a system to rank countries on several dimensions including their level of individualism versus collectivism. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldn't change them . HOFSTEDE: You could say these six dimensions of culture, they are perimeters to our sociality. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. Or more human-made threats, like how many times has your nation been invaded over the last 100 years? And that also means that fighting is a good way to get what you want. And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. You had Woodstock, and youre going to have this kind of stuff happening again. thats always there. From now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics humans in this context: Homo.! To be more collectivistic, especially Spain and Portugal not so much Italy and France tend to be more,... 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